Stress exposure, perceived stress severity, and their effects on health

КАТЕРИНА МАЛЬЦЕВА, кандидат філософських наук, доктор філософії; доцент, завідувачка кафедри соціології НаУКМА (8/5 вул. Волоська, корп. 4, Київ 04655)

maltsevaKS@ukma.edu.ua

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-8734

Універсального визначення стресу чи стресорів не існує. Зазвичай під стресом розуміють суб’єктивне переживання напруги, тиску, дистресу, страху або неґативних емоцій, яке виникає внаслідок передбачуваної загрози психічному чи фізичному благополуччю людини та супроводжується розвиненою біологічною реакцією, яка сприяє запуску адаптаційної поведінки. Хоча стрес концептуалізується як стан вимушеної напруги, сам по собі він не є обов’язково шкідливим чи злоякісним для індивідуального здоров’я. Насправді реакцію на стрес часто характеризують як адаптаційну, що означає, що вона виконує функцію, яка надає адаптивні переваги та є інструментом для виживання. Не кожен випадок впливу стресу призводить до захворювання або має неґативний вплив на здоров'я. Крім того, сама по собі зустріч зі стресором не є ґарантією захворювання здорового організму. Однак стресові події можуть впливати на більшість захворювань, якщо вони систематичні, особливо в осіб зі схильністю до хронічних захворювань або в тих, у кого такі захворювання вже наявні. Зовсім нещодавно дослідники стресу почали розрізняти вплив об’єктивного стресу (тобто зіткнення з об’єктивно вимірним чинником стресу) та сприйняту тяжкість стресу (тобто суб’єктивне переживання стресу в результаті зіткнення людини зі стресором). Було показано, що сприйнята тяжкість стресу має кращу прогностичну здатність щодо негативних наслідків для здоров’я (як за кількістю, так і за глибиною спостережуваних ефектів) порівняно зі стресом як таким. Що стосується вимірювання, суб’єктивний стрес також має тенденцію давати більш точні результати, що робить його кращим інструментом оцінки стресу. Ця стаття є оглядовим дослідженням, яке заглиблюється в цю відмінність і намагається пролити світло на її значення для вимірювання стресу та оцінки його впливу на здоров’я.

Ключові слова: стрес; здоров’я; тяжкість стресу; психічне здоров’я; фізичне здоров’я; оцінка; вимірювання

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Отримано 08.02.2024